The Five Phases of Work

In the words of author, Marianne Williamson:

“Nature is infinitely creative. It is always producing the possibility of new beginnings.”

Phase One: Beginnings

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Mufasa counsels Simba, on how to hunt prey from Walt Disney’s The Lion King. Animation by Supervising Animator, Tony Fucile.

Everyone’s been there — whether you start a new job, begin a new project, or work with new people — that tingle down your spine only happens once. The anticipation is both tantalizing and frightening at the same time. You have ideas, but it sits before the vast unknown. This is what happens when you’re doing something new and art is all about that. The truth is, every situation is new — every shot, sequence, layout or painting — and that’s the challenge. Such a professional mindset and standard is what you strive for regardless of the task. That way, the work stays fresh, and more importantly, you stay fresh. Your mental and emotional attitude should be right even before you take your first step into production.

Phase Two: Preparation and Planning.

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Thumbnail sketches sit atop final key drawings by Supervising Animator David Pruiksma (one of my favorite instructors ever). In these marvelous tiny sketches, the artist shows wit and wonder while exploring the peak moments of the dialogue.

Here’s where you begin. Here’s where you plan, play and explore. You seek out the greatest possibilities. It’s also the stage where most beginners and amateurs falter — too eager to dive right into the work, they skip out the thinking,  not realizing that only good preparation and planning will give the work a chance at being original or effective. Professionals devote hours conducting research, shooting video, collecting resources, doing thumbnail sketches and preliminary tests — work never meant to be seen in any sort of final form but give a good logical sense of what might or might not work. Top craftsmen spend as much as half their time doing this kind of preparation. The process is not unlike that of top musicians or athletes who spend half their time in study as much as in practice to achieve the highest performance. Solid preparation and planning is often what separates the top performers from the rest of their peers.

Phase Three: Doing the work.

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Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary’s crew in their the historic ascent of Mount Everest in 1953.

This phase, for many people, is mentally the hardest. This is when you know what to do, you suspect you know how to do it (with art, you never know for sure), and you’re about to plunge right into the grind. You’ve got your plans in front of you, the rough first steps begin, and a deadline awaits, sitting there at the end of the hall, like a shylock waiting to collect (in this case your inevitable mistakes and miscalculations). The task suddenly appears monumental and there’s the danger of paralysis by analysis or worse, staying in the comfort zone, and never jumping into the water out of fear. But you know that no amount of practice or planning will get you anywhere without actually doing the real thing. It’s the only way to see if any of it works, and until you try, you’ll never know. You’ve got time,  you’ve got energy, and now’s the time step up and just do it. Some people never start. That’s not you.

In the words of Mark Twain:

“The secret to getting ahead is getting started”

Phase Four:  Struggle

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Michelangelo’s famous unfinished sculpture of Atlas, emerging from a huge block of stone.

The experience of struggle only happens to those who have dove right in and gotten themselves in trouble because they took the risk. Challenges appear, both the expected and the unexpected. You find out whether you’ve prepared or even capable of delivering the effort and quality demanded. You’re challenged physically, mentally and emotionally, as you or your crew lose steam in the midst of frustration. Here is where you need to show your mettle and scratch your brain to move beyond the tired and formulaic. This is where you battle.

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Jackson Pollack, seen here working feverishly on one of his “drip” paintings.

The good thing is, that this phase of struggle is the least deceptive — it tells you right away what your problems are — you can see them, you just have to beat them. You’ve made your initial charge, but there’s resistance or a set back. Here’s when it’s best to get feedback. You’re open to it, because you’re desperate, you’re hungry and you’re receptive. It doesn’t feel like the most productive phase in the process but it’s actually the most fruitful and effective. You find your focus here. And you get going again. The troops gather, either internally in your mind, or physically with other artists. You dig down deep with all your effort. You show your true grit and get the job done.

Phase Five: Completion

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Closing shot of Steven Speilberg’s Indiana Jones and The Last Crusade.

The best part of finishing, is, just that! You’ve finished! You did it! That’s a monster accomplishment all on it’s own. I like to take a small break when it’s done, and so should you, regardless of the results. In sports, everyone knows there can only be one winner. In art, the distinction between success and failure is less clear. All you can ask of yourself is this: did you give it your best effort? Did you try doing things in a new way? Were you true to the material and to yourself?  Or have you wimped out, relied on old formulas or worse, mailed it in? If so, then know that you’ve cashed in your chips and it’s time to earn some new ones.

“In three words I can sum up everything I’ve learned about life: it goes on.” — Robert Frost

He’s right. And another journey lies ahead.

Shot Analysis: Ratatouille – Lead & Follow

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The force and locomotion of the lower masses drive all the action in this marvelous Wile E. Coyote production drawing by Chuck Jones.

One of the fundamental attributes of high quality, naturally believable animation is the ability of the animator to execute fundamentally sound “lead and follow.” This alone can separate the average animator from the reputable.

The nose knows! (and it leads too!) In this delicious little shot, animation director Michael Venturini demonstrates delicately placed execution of the “lead & follow” concept. From Pixar’s Ratatouille, directed by Brad Bird.

Understanding the concept of lead and follow means understanding the basics of forces. You need to ask: what came first? Where does it come from? And what are the ramifications of that initial exertion?

In most cases, the forces begin internally – in the form of intention – it defines the drive and purpose of the action in the first place. We normally call that motive. Unless that is clarified first, you can’t make the next move. In other words, notes legendary teacher and Nine Old Men member, Eric Larson:

“Action will be prompted by the character’s emotions and his physical capabilities.”

Let’s take a closer look at the above shot of Remy, to see where and how all these internal and external forces play out:

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Mmmmm! Here the senses beyond the rational or intellectual take over, as Remy’s sense for the delectable pulls his attention towards screen right.

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Moment of realization; eyes and brain catch on as olfactory sense becomes activated sense of purpose. This nice pause creates the break needed for the audience to read and relate.

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Here, the nose, head and left arm lead the action, reaching out towards the items of interest. Clear direction and thrust of forces is evident.

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As the eyes marvel and upper body settles (correctly on the right ‘third’ of the screen), the lower half catches up, following up the shift in weight and balance, allowing the moment to read nice and clear.

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The next bit of business occurs as the body stabilizes, and Remy dives in to grab the goods.

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As he heads back to screen left, you see that this time, his lifted right leg leads the action, while the upper body follows. The head drags behind as the point from his nose to the feet form a nice line of action indicating torque, turn and twist.

Excellent, yet seemingly unremarkable shots like this one from Ratatouille, are scattered throughout in well-animated features. They are often overlooked and go unnoticed because they are mere seconds long despite being so beautifully executed. Understanding forces is the key to believable action like momentum and follow thru.

In the words of Glen Keane:

“Allow the momentum of and already animated movement suggest the next drawing. Draw the leading edge of forces.”

Animation of another rat, the villainous Ratigan from Walt Disney’s The Great Mouse Detective. This gorgeous pencil test by the masterful Glen Keane, shows how the forces drive one pose to the next, creating weight and personality as varying regions of the body lead and follow one another.

Therefore, when you get the chance to watch good animation in isolation, pause and re-watch it. Look for places of where and how concepts like lead and follow are being handled. Your respect for the artist and the art itself will grow, and so will your understanding and inspiration.